Nouns Singular forms and plural forms with s Common irregular plural forms Possessive form ('s) Transparent compounds Pronouns Personal, subject and direct object Demonstrative: this, that (also as determiners) Interrogative: Who? What? It (+ be) in impersonal expressions Determiners Articles: a, an, the or zero + noun (phrase) Cardinal numbers (also as pronouns): 1-100 Ordinal numbers (for dates): 1st-31st Possessives Quantifiers: some, any Distributives: every, all + noun Adjectives Simple adjectives (attributive
and predicative) Verbs Parts of be, have, have got; There is/are Positive imperative forms Positive, negative and question forms Short answers Present simple (except negative questions) Present continuous with present meaning (except negative questions) can for ability and permission; Let's Adverbs Some adverbs of frequency, place and time Adjective +ly Interrogatives: Where? When? Why?; How (much/many)? Intensifier: very Additive: too Conjunctions and, but, or to join words, phrases, clauses Sentences Simple one-clause sentences Two clauses joined with and, but or or Direct speech + noun/pronoun + say/as
| As previous level plus Nouns Possessive form (s') Gerunds for activities and pastimes Pronouns As indirect objects Possessive Demonstrative: these, those (also determiners) Interogative: Which? (also determiner) Determiners Cardinal numbers (also as pronouns): 101-1,000 Demonstrative: these, those (also pronouns) Quantifers: a little, a lot of, much, many
Interogative Which...? (also pronoun)Verbs There was/were Negative imperative forms Present continuous with future meaning Past simple of listed regular verbs Irregular past forms: came/did/had/ said/was/were/went going to for prediction and intention can for possibility would like + noun phrase -ing forms after like, stop Infinitive forms after want, start, like Conjunctions because Sentences Two clauses joined with because
| As previous level plus Pronouns Indefinite: some-, no-, any-, every- (body/thing) Determiners Ordinal numbers: first - hundredth Quantifiers with more Distributives: another, other, each Adjectives Comparative: -er/more + adjective...than, as ... as Superlative: the -est (in/of), most + adjective better, best, worse, worst, more, most Verbs Negative questions Past simple of listed irregular verbs will for offers, requests, and with future meaning could for past ability and possibility have to for obligation would like + infinitive Common phrasal verbs with transparent meanings -ing forms after go, verbs of (dis)like
Adverbs Adjective + (i)ly How + adjective Irregular adverbs of manner Comparative: as...as too + adjective Indefinite: somewhere, nowhere, anywhere, everywhere Conjunctions so, before, after, when Sentences Two clauses joined with so, before, after, when Direct speech + subject/verb inversion Reported speech with present tense reporting verb
know, think, hope etc + that clause
| As previous level plus Pronouns Indefinite: someone, anyone, everyone Interrogative: Whose? (also as determiner) one/ones Reflexive (but not for emphasis) Relative: who, which, that
Determiners the + adjective All cardinal and ordinal numbers Predeterminers: all Relative: whose Distributives: both, either, neither a meaning per Adjectives Intensifiers: much, a bit, a lot Adjective + to Verbs Present perfect simple Past continuous Passive forms: present and past forms of be + past participle is/was/has been able to can't to deny possibility could for requests and suggestions must for obligation shall for suggestions, plans, offers need (to)/needn't for necessity should (positive only) for advice would for desires, preferences to + infinitive after what/where etc Infinitives after permitted verbs and adjectives, with too/enough/very, after indefinite pronouns/adverbs, infinitive of purpose Question tags: positive tag following negative statement and vice versa
Common phrasal verbs with non-transparent meanings
Adverbs Comparative: -er/-est, more/most + adverb Sentences Sentences with more than two main clauses Sentences with one main and one subordinate clause Zero and first conditional Defining relative clauses (but not embedded) Clauses with wh words Clauses ending in so, not Reported speech with to + infinitive Participle clauses
Adjectives/nouns + that clause
| As previous level plus Pronouns Indefinite: no one Relative: whose Reflexive, for emphasis Reciprocal: each other Pronoun + of, to, adjective, relative clause Determiners Predeterminer: such Adjectives Intensifiers: nearly as, just as, not quite as Comparative/superlative with less/least Adjective + enough Verbs Simple passive verb forms (except modal perfects) Present and past continuous passive verb forms Present simple for future reference Present perfect continuous Past perfect have something done make/let + infinitive used to was/were going to had better for advice or desirability may/might for possibility must for deduced facts should/ought to for advice, duty, desirability would for hypothetical situations Question tags: positive tag following
positive statement Conjunctions as well as Sentences Complex sentences where the relations between clauses are uncomplicated Non-defining relative clauses Second conditional if clauses after verbs of asking, wondering etc
Reported speech with past tense reporting verbs
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